Zimbabwe

Addressing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Zimbabwe by pulling up the roots of sexual exploitation. These ‘roots’ include harmful religious and cultural beliefs around gender identity, economic inequality and disparity in land ownership, and a lack of understanding and poor access to sexual health and justice services. By engaging with faith and community leaders, social norms on gender and sexual exploitation will be challenged and individual change will be enabled.

Tanga loves having fun. She loves seeing her friends smile, making happy memories together, delighting in the beauty of life. But because Tanga lived in Zimbabwe, she is just as used to seeing her female friends cry as seeing them laugh. Sandwiching many of her high-spirited stories are darker tales of intimidation, verbal abuse, physical violence and sexual exploitation. And if she saw the wondrous stars shining in her experience of life, it was always against the backdrop of the frightening and overwhelming night.

Tanga says "we would be harassed or abused but we did not lose heart." SGBV is an accepted and expected part of life for many women and girls in Zimbabwe. A recent SGBV baseline survey carried out by one of Tearfund’s partners revealed that a large majority of women may have suffered SGBV and do not even know it.

More than one in three women in Zimbabwe (aged 15-49) will experience sexual and gender-based violence in their lifetime. SGBV, in its various forms, is widespread, cutting across class, race, age and religion. In some communities, assault is even viewed as an acceptable form of chastising women and that ‘beating one’s wife is a sign of love’. The toxic patriarchy that fuels these statistics thrives in Zimbabwe due to a combination of cultural beliefs and practices and is exacerbated by religious misreadings and material poverty.

It is difficult to overstate how endemic the belief that men are superior to women is. When a child is born in Zimbabwe, some ask the question 'munhui?' seeking to know the gender of the child. If it is a girl, the response may be 'hapana munhu azvarwa' (meaning 'no human being has been given birth to'). If it is a boy, the response may be 'kwave nemunhu' (meaning 'we have a human being'). In this context, sexual exploitation becomes normalised.

For several years, Tearfund has been partnering with the Anglican Relief and Development wing of the church in Zimbabwe (ARDEZ), Zimbabwe Orphans Through Extended Hands (ZOE), and Family AIDS Caring Trust (FACT) to dismantle the patriarchal lies that enable sexual and gender-based violence. Long-lasting, sustainable change is urgently needed across Zimbabwe and this multifaceted community-led work has proved to be effective across several regions.

When Tanga engaged with a group discussion as part of this programme, she began to understand how wrong she had been about her self-worth. She says “I began to perceive myself in a different light. I learnt that I am a special human being. As I was reflecting on my life, I became sad as I realised that I had denigrated myself, living a life where I endured abuse and harassment in the name of having fun.” For Tanga, coming to realise that SGBV should not be a natural part of life and that she did not deserve to be treated in that way, was a complete revelation. She now says “I have hope for a positive future. I have the self-confidence that I can be in charge of my life.”

Girls like Tanga shouldn’t have to grow up in a culture where sexual exploitation is normalised. We believe that women should be free to take on roles based on their abilities, not based on the limited opportunities that have filtered through a patriarchal hierarchy that is deeply unjust and oppressively violent. We want to see women in Zimbabwe living abundant and dignified lives. We want to see a cultural shift that calls out injustice and holds perpetrators to account. But this means changing deeply embedded views and expectations and enabling women to challenge a thoroughly prejudiced social framework.

Tearfund has witnessed how its Church and Community Transformation (CCT) process has brought about a reduction in sexual exploitation and abuse, helped close the gap in property rights between men and women, has reduced physical GBV and economic violence, and has helped to weaken the pervasiveness of patriarchal practices. In addition to challenging existing gender roles directly, the approach aims to question the values that underpin those gender-ascribed roles, and the values, power and status assigned based on people’s gender identities.

“The belief that men are superior to women encourages SGBV. Societies with such beliefs think that women are lesser species who can be abused at will” (Zimbabwean sociologist Yotamu Chirwa). As communities have engaged in the CCT process, there has been a positive response to the concept of gender equality and the unravelling of the lie that women are inferior, subservient, and ripe for exploitation.

The past few years have seen Zimbabwe experience the worst drought in four decades. Although there was good rainfall last year, its impact will only be felt progressively. The subsequent poor harvests and a collapsing economy has resulted in food, fuel and water shortages across the country. According to the UN, Zimbabwe is “marching towards starvation” with the number of food-insecure people projected to rise to 5.5 million people between January and March 2020, which would be the highest number on record.

Additionally, Zimbabwe faces huge political and social challenges. The government continues to grapple with high unemployment rates, widespread corruption and acute cash shortages. In a move to stabilise the economy, the Zimbabwe government recently re-introduced the Zimbabwe dollar, originally scrapped over a decade ago. The resulting inflation combined with reduced harvest has resulted in a sharp increase in the price of food and fuel, with many families facing hunger, uncertainty and ever-deepening poverty.

Cyclone Idai struck in March last year, affecting half a million Zimbabweans in the east of the country. The cyclone caused extensive damage to crops and agricultural infrastructure, and in the recent humanitarian response, women and girls have suffered sexual exploitation and abuse. Tearfund’s partners received reports of young girls being dragged into bushes and raped, elderly women being raped in the aftermath of the floods, and women being required to give sexual favours in exchange for food and non-food items.

Tragically, humanitarian emergencies, food insecurity and poverty increase the prevalence of SGBV and in some crisis settings affects over 70 per cent of women (WHO, 2013). This challenging context is inflaming the incidence rate of sexual exploitation in Zimbabwe and makes the need for this project even more acute.

This three-year project will see communities growing more intolerant of sexual exploitation. Perceived ideas of masculinity will be examined and redefined within families, churches, and villages. Harmful cultural beliefs will be questioned and challenged. Women will be empowered to develop sustainable livelihoods and have control of economic resources. Community leaders and village chiefs will be integral members of sexual exploitation response mechanisms. Churches will model positive equitable gender relations and will coach others to change their practice, based on a correct representation of scripture. Community members will actively participate in providing safety nets for victims of sexual exploitation. Survivors of SGBV will be increasingly aware of rights and reporting avenues and will make use of support services that are appropriate for all ages.

With your help, we will see a reduction in SGBV as people across the three districts benefit from the following activities:

• Support groups will be established for sexual exploitation survivors. SGBV has acute physical, psychological and social consequences. Survivors often experience psychological trauma which ranges from depression, terror, guilt, shame to loss of self-esteem. They may be rejected by spouses and families, ostracised, subjected to further exploitation or punishment. They may also suffer from unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual dysfunction and chronic infections leading to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
  
  Only 2% of women who are sexually abused in Zimbabwe access professional help. There is a culture of silence that prevents women from disclosing sexual exploitation, exemplified by the common expressions ‘vakadzi ngavanyarare’ (meaning ‘women should keep quiet’) and ‘chakafukidza dzimba matenga’ (meaning ‘the secrets of the home should remain untold’). Even if a survivor is willing to challenge these cultural assumptions and tarnish her family name, she is often economically dependent on her abuser and a long way from any appropriate support facility. Support groups are a vital gathering for women to share their experiences, gain knowledge about essential services, and one another as they seek healing. Facilitators will be trained to use Tearfund’s Journey to Healing methodology which also equips them to advocate for social issues affecting survivors in their communities and influence policy change around SGBV.|
  
  
• Women and girls will be given the opportunity to participate in days of community activism and awareness-raising on SGBV, coinciding with the commemorative Women’s International Day and the International Day of the Girl Child. This will reduce incidences of gender-based violence in the church and community and will combat traditional views about respecting those in authority (usually older men) which has sustained a culture of silence that protects perpetrators of sexual exploitation from being held accountable for their actions.
  
  
• Women will enjoy increased wealth and confidence as they join Self Help Groups (SHGs). Self Help Group members come together each week to save small amounts together which can later be drawn on to invest. The members support each other emotionally and the group provides a platform for Tearfund’s partners to share training on health and livelihoods to increase household income and instil confidence and self-belief.
  
  In Zimbabwe, the lobola practice of paying a bride price leads many men to assume they own their wives and that they are part of the wealth of the community. Women are denied their agency and it is common for men to prevent their spouse from trying to earn money or to confiscate any money that has been earned. SHGs can provide women with sustainable livelihoods and economic resources, proving their economic capacity and ability to both themselves, their families and the wider community.

• The community will learn the truth about the negative effects of harmful cultural practices and are able to reflect on their rights and responsibilities. Sensitisation meetings will take place on the domestic violence act, gender policy and the constitution. Community awareness campaigns will be conducted involving key influencers and community leaders will be trained on gender equality, equity and SGBV to ensure that people at all levels of the community have the skills and knowledge to advocate for gender equality.
• Tearfund’s partners will sign a memorandum of understanding with the local authority and other related government departments. The local churches will be expected to work closely with government, civil society and local authorities to ensure compliance with government policy and will be empowered to advocate for the change of policies, laws and practices that tolerate the sexual exploitation of women and girls. Officers from the Department of Social Services, the Justice Commission, the Ministry of Health and Childcare, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and local Councillors will be invited to participate in SGBV workshops and community events. It is hoped that these government stakeholders will continue to support community initiatives against the sexual exploitation of women and girls.
• The church will be catalysed to powerfully advocate for gender equality in the community. It is estimated that 85 per cent of Zimbabweans claim to be Christians, with approximately 62 per cent regularly attending church services. The church is in a unique position to promulgate the message that sexual exploitation should not be tolerated or go unpunished. Traditional misreadings of the Bible will be replaced with accurate readings that highlight the truth, as Tanga was able to articulate that “I am made [as is every woman] in the image of God”. 120 Church leaders will be trained using a Transforming Masculinities curriculum developed by Tearfund. They will be encouraged to review or develop Safeguarding policies so as to ensure that cases of SGBV are professionally handled and victims can freely report to their church leaders. These faith leaders will select key male and female members of the community to be trained as ‘gender champions’ who will be equipped and confident to challenge harmful cultural views. They will facilitate group discussions on sexual exploitation, unequal power and privilege dynamics, and positive masculinities, using spiritual reflections. The focus on working with the local church and community leaders reflects the institutional capacity of the local church to replicate and scale up this work, and the respected status of traditional leaders within Zimbabwean society and their potential to influence communities for better SGBV practices.

We have been working in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, over the last 18 months. We are seeing the beginnings of systemic change but know this work needs to be scaled up in order to capitalize on all that has been learned and achieve long-lasting reform. With a consortium of three local partners, we are in a position to realise this goal. A similar three-year project in the Democratic Republic of Congo saw, amongst other changes, a reduction in partner violence from 69 per cent to 29 per cent.

Tearfund’s partner FACT will coordinate the new project, taking the lead role in coordinating relationships with relevant stakeholders from the government and other NGO SGBV service providers. FACT is best placed to coordinate the grant management as they have a qualified finance team and have been independently audited for the past 10 years. The FACT trustees will be responsible for the systems of internal control and governance. These systems are implemented and monitored by suitably trained personnel with appropriate segregation of authority and duties. Qualified Monitoring & Evaluation officers under FACT’s Strategic Information and Research Department will manage the collection, analysis and auditing of the data. FACT also has a project management information system (MIS) that utilises a centralised database where project details, beneficiary information, project coverage and other related project information can be stored and accessed by the consortium of partners.

Three districts have been chosen for the new project focussing on areas of high SGBV incidence and where there is potential for further scale-up. FACT will deliver the project in the district of Nyanga, ZOE will deliver the project in Umguza, and ARDEZ will deliver the project in Mutare. Tearfund UK and the Tearfund Zimbabwe team will provide relevant technical support through training and resources, building capacity within the partners.

Your support will bring liberty to women in areas where previously there was none. We’re inviting you to help.

COVID-19 is still having a huge impact and has affected our partners' work across the world. We are hoping to implement this work as planned but would ask for your patience and understanding if future restrictions affect some of the activities.

“There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.” (Galatians 3:28)

We’d love to chat with you more about this opportunity. Please get in touch!